The Hen: Description, Habitat, Food, Agriculture...

Chickens are domestic animals that are raised for their meat and eggs. They are also pleasant companions for many people. In this article, we'll explore the history and evolution of backyard poultry, as well as their behavior and importance in agriculture.

Whether you are a breeder or a simple amateur, this comprehensive article on gallinaceans will allow you to better understand these fascinating animals and know how to take care of them to obtain quality eggs and meat.

1) Introduction

Pullets are very important in our daily life. They are raised for their meat and eggs, which are important sources of protein in our diet. In addition to their role in human nutrition, hens also have agricultural and environmental benefits. Farms must raise hens outdoors.

Here are some of the main reasons why chickens are important in our daily lives:

• Egg and Meat Production : Poultry is raised to produce eggs and meat. An egg is an important source of protein for humans, while chicken meat is one of the most popular meats in the world.
• Pest Control : Chickens are natural predators for many insects and worms that can wreak havoc on crops. By keeping chickens in agricultural areas, farmers can help control pest populations.
• Natural fertilizer : Chicken droppings are rich in nutrients and can be used as a natural fertilizer for crops. By using chicken droppings as fertilizer, farmers can reduce their dependence on chemical fertilizers.
• Pleasant social behavior : Hens are social animals who like to interact with their conspecifics. Raising them can therefore be an enjoyable and beneficial experience for people looking to connect with nature.
• Raising Children : Children can learn a lot from raising chickens. They can learn the responsibilities associated with caring for an animal, as well as biology and agriculture.

Chickens are important domestic animals for humanity. They are raised for their meat and eggs, but also have agricultural and environmental benefits. By raising chickens in our communities, we can not only produce food, but also improve our environment and connect with nature.

2) Characteristics of hens

A- Physics and anatomy

Chickens are fascinating animals with unique characteristics that allow them to survive in various environments. Here's a look at their physique and anatomy:

• Size : Hens have an average size which varies from 30 to 45 cm in length and 1 to 4 kg in weight depending on the breed.
• Feathers : Hens have feathers all over their bodies, except on their heads and legs. Feathers are an essential part of their anatomy, as they protect them from external elements such as cold, heat and rain.
• Comb : The comb of hens is the fleshy red part that sits on their head. It is used to regulate their body temperature and to seduce males during the breeding season.
• Barbs : Barbs are the small, fleshy growths found under the comb of hens. They have several functions, including helping to regulate body temperature, communication, and courtship.
• Legs : Chickens have scaly legs with claws to help them scratch and dig in the ground in search of food. The legs are also used for defense against predators.
• Beak : The beak of hens is an important organ for their survival. It is used for eating, drinking, scratching the ground, cleaning their feathers and defending themselves against predators.
• Digestive System : Chickens have a complex digestive system that allows them to digest a variety of foods, including insects, seeds and vegetables. Their gizzard is an important organ that grinds up food before it passes into their stomach.

Hens have unique physical and anatomical characteristics that allow them to adapt to various environments. Their feathers, crest, barbels, legs, beak and digestive system are all essential parts of their survival.

B- Social behavior

In addition to their physique and anatomy, hens also have unique behavioral characteristics that allow them to live in groups and adapt to their environment. Here is an overview of their social behavior:

• Hierarchy : Chickens have a clearly defined social hierarchy. Each group of chickens has a “queen,” the most dominant hen who commands the other members of the group. This hierarchy is established by struggles for dominance.
• Communication : Hens communicate with each other in a variety of ways, including cackles, alarm calls and songs of satisfaction. They also use visual signals such as head and wing movements to communicate with each other.
• Nesting behavior : Hens have an instinctive nesting behavior that allows them to lay eggs and incubate them. They look for comfortable and safe places to nest and lay their eggs.
• Socialization : Chickens are very social animals that enjoy interacting with other chickens and humans. They have a learning ability and can even learn to recognize their name.
• Defense : Hens are very protective of their brood and their group. They can defend themselves against predators using their wings, beak and claws.

Chickens have complex social behavior that allows them to live in groups and adapt to their environment. Their social hierarchy, communication, nesting behavior, socialization, and ability to defend themselves are all important parts of their behavior.

3) The history of breeding laying hens

HAS- The first tamed chickens in China

The history of chicken farming dates back thousands of years. The first tame chickens were bred in China around 7,000 to 8,000 years ago . These wild chickens were domesticated for their eggs and meat , as well as for use as fighting animals .

Over time, the act of raising chickens spread to other parts of the world, including Europe and Africa . These gallinaceans were used for their meat, eggs and plumage. In many cultures, chickens were considered sacred animals and were raised for religious rituals.

In the 20th century, chicken farming became an important industry, with the mass production of eggs and chicken meat. Today, chickens are raised on factory farms, family farms and even in urban gardens.

However, raising laying hens has not always been without controversy. Living conditions on factory farms have often been criticized for their lack of animal care , overcrowding, and use of antibiotics and growth hormones. This has led to a growing demand for free-range chickens and organic products.

Today, raising chickens has become an integral part of our diet and our culture. Chickens provide eggs, meat and feathers for clothing ornament and decorations . They are also valued for their personality, social demeanor, and ability to be good companions in gardens and farms.

B- Chicken farming in Egypt, Greece and Rome

Chicken keeping was also practiced in ancient Egypt, Greece and Rome, where chickens were considered precious and sacred animals.

In Egypt , chickens were raised for their eggs and meat, but also for their importance in religion. Roosters were seen as symbols of fertility and male energy, while hens were associated with motherhood and female fertility . Chickens were often depicted in Egyptian art, such as in tomb frescoes.

In Greece, hens were also kept for their meat and fresh eggs , but were also used for their feathers and blood. The feathers were used for decoration and the blood for religious ceremonies . Roosters were also associated with healing rituals and were sacrificed in religious ceremonies.

In Rome, chickens were raised for their meat and eggs, but were also used for cockfighting . Roosters were trained for fighting and were often decorated with jewelry and finery. Chickens were also used to predict the future, as their behaviors were considered divine signs .

Raising chickens was therefore an important practice in Antiquity, for food, religion and culture. This importance has continued over the centuries and chickens continue to be raised for their utility and cultural value.

C- Use of chickens in cockfights

Cockfighting is a controversial practice that dates back to ancient times. They were popular in many cultures, including Greece, Rome, and Asia. This practice consists of pitting two roosters against each other, who fight until one of them is dead or seriously injured .

In some countries, cockfighting is still legal and is considered a cultural tradition. However, in many other countries, cockfighting is illegal due to animal cruelty .

Fighting cocks are bred and trained to become aggressive and combative . They are often fed a high-protein diet to promote muscle growth. Breeders may also use steroids and other substances to increase the strength and endurance of their roosters.

Cockfights are often organized for gambling and are often associated with criminal activities such as gambling, drugs and prostitution. Roosters that are injured or killed in fighting are often thrown away or abandoned.

It is important to note that cockfighting is widely criticized by animal rights groups for its cruelty and inhumanity to animals. Many organizations are working to end this practice and promote more humane and ethical alternatives for roosters and other animals.

4) chicken breeds

A- The different breeds of hens for meat and eggs

There are many breeds of chickens around the world, each with their own characteristics and advantages. Here is an overview of some of the top chicken breeds for meat and eggs:

• Laying hens : Laying hens are raised primarily for their eggs. Popular breeds include Chicken Sprout, Rhode Island Red, Leghorn, Sussex, Plymouth Rock and Marans.
• Broilers : Broilers, also called broilers, are raised for their meat. Popular breeds include the Cornish Cross, White Rock, Jersey Giant and Orpington.
• Bresse Chickens : Bresse chickens are considered one of the best chicken breeds for meat due to their tasty and juicy flesh. They are from the region of Bresse, in France.
• Indian Runner Chickens : Indian Runner Chickens are an Asian breed of chicken that is raised primarily for their meat, but can also be used for eggs. They are known for their tender and flavorful meat.
• Silkie chickens : Silkie chickens are an Asian breed of chicken that is bred primarily for its feathers and exotic appearance. Although they are not as commonly used for their meat, their flesh is considered very tasty.

It is important to note that each breed of chicken has its own care and environment needs and requirements. Before deciding which breed of chicken to raise, it is important to do thorough research and consider factors such as temperature, space, food and water needed for your chosen breed.

B-The specific characteristics of each breed

Each chicken breed has specific characteristics that distinguish it from other breeds. Here is an overview of the characteristics of some of the most popular breeds:

• Rhode Island Red : This breed is known for its large production of medium-sized brown eggs. This good layer is also renowned for its robustness and resistance to disease.
• Leghorn : This breed is also known for its egg production, but is smaller than the Rhode Island Red. Leghorns are active and energetic and have lively personalities.
• Plymouth Rock : This breed is valued for its ability to produce both eggs and meat. She is medium to large in size and can be easily bred in different conditions.
• Orpington : Orpington chickens are considered a premium meat chicken breed. They have tasty meat and dark yellow skin. They are also gentle and kind, making them a popular breed for families.
• Marans : Marans chickens are known for producing dark, almost chocolate-colored eggs. They are medium sized and have a sweet personality.
• Wyandotte : This breed is valued for its ability to produce eggs and meat, as well as its elegant and colorful feathers. Wyandottes have docile personalities and are easy to raise.

There are many other breeds of chickens, each with their own characteristics and benefits. It is important to choose the breed of chicken that best suits your breeding and environmental needs.

5) The habitat of chickens

A- Housing needs

Chicken habitat is a key element for their well-being and health. Here are the housing requirements for chickens:

• Space : Chickens need space to move around, explore and stretch their wings. The recommended minimum is 3 to 4 square meters per hen.
• Protection : Hens should be protected from predators such as foxes, dogs and cats. The enclosure must have a roof and solid walls.
• Nesting : Hens need a place to lay their eggs. Comfortable nests should be provided, usually one nest for 3-4 hens.
• Perches : Perches are necessary for hens to rest and sleep at night. They should be placed at a height of 30 to 60 cm above the ground and have enough space for all the hens to settle in.
• Litter : Litter is necessary to absorb waste and odors, as well as to maintain humidity at an appropriate level. Straw and sawdust are common options.
• Ventilation : Good ventilation is essential to maintain air quality in the enclosure. Openings must be provided to allow adequate air circulation.
• Feeding and Watering : Chickens must have access to fresh food and water at all times. Feeders and waterers should be placed at a comfortable height for the chickens.

It is important to keep the enclosure clean and clean the litter regularly to maintain the health of the chickens. A clean, comfortable environment will allow your chickens to thrive and produce high quality eggs.

B- Necessary equipment

To ensure a comfortable and healthy environment for your chickens, it is important to have the necessary equipment in their habitat. Here are the essential equipment for raising chickens:

• Waterers : Waterers are necessary to provide clean, fresh water to hens. There are different types of drinkers, such as teat drinkers, bucket drinkers or even constant level drinkers.
• Feeders : Feeders provide quality food for your hens. There are different types of feeders, such as hopper feeders, tube feeders, or tray feeders.
• Nesting boxes : Nesting boxes are necessary for your hens to lay their eggs. Nest boxes should be equipped with soft bedding so that the eggs are protected and do not break. It is recommended to have one nest box for 3 to 4 hens.
• Perches : Perches are necessary for chickens to rest and sleep at night. Perches should be placed at a height of 30 to 60 cm above the ground and have enough space for all the hens to sit on them.
• Litter : Litter is necessary to absorb waste and odors, as well as to maintain humidity at an appropriate level. Straw and sawdust are common options.
• Lighting : Chickens need adequate lighting to produce eggs. Artificial light may be necessary to compensate for the lack of natural light in winter.
• Heating system : In winter, a heating system may be necessary to maintain the temperature at an appropriate level.
• Ventilation system : Good ventilation is essential to maintain air quality in the enclosure. Openings must be provided to allow adequate air circulation.

It is important to choose the right equipment for your chicken farm to guarantee the well-being and health of your chickens. Quality equipment will allow your chickens to produce high quality eggs and live in a comfortable environment.

6) Chicken feeding

A- Nutritional needs

Chickens have specific nutritional needs for their health and growth. Here are some important things to know to ensure a balanced diet for your chickens:

• Protein : Hens need protein for growth, egg production and feather regeneration. They can find protein in earthworms, insects, seeds, soybeans, corn and legumes.
• Fats : Fats provide energy to the hen. Sources of fats can include vegetable oils, flax seeds and fatty fish.
• Carbohydrates : Carbohydrates are also important for the hen's energy. Grains such as wheat, barley and corn are common sources of carbohydrates.
• Minerals : Chickens need minerals such as calcium, phosphorous and salt to maintain good health and produce eggs. Common sources of calcium include oyster shells, calcium carbonate, and green vegetables.
• Vitamins : Vitamins are important for growth and egg production. Chickens can get vitamins in their diet, including vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin K, and B vitamins.

It is important to provide a balanced diet to your chickens based on their age and level of egg production. You can purchase chicken feed specifically designed to meet their nutritional needs or provide them with a natural diet based on their needs. Also make sure your chickens always have access to clean, fresh water. For example, you can give them vegetable peelings from your garden.

B- Recommended foods

Chickens have specific nutritional needs to stay healthy and produce quality eggs. It is therefore important to provide them with a balanced diet adapted to their needs.

Staple foods for chickens are grains , such as corn, wheat, barley and sorghum. These foods should be supplemented with plant proteins, such as alfalfa and soy, as well as minerals and vitamins.

It is also important to provide chickens with sources of calcium , which is necessary for the formation of strong egg shells. Common sources of calcium for chickens include crushed oyster shells, bone meal and crushed eggshell.

It is recommended to provide a balanced diet depending on the age of the hen and its needs. Growing hens have different nutritional needs than laying hens or hens intended for meat consumption .

It is also important to provide sufficient clean, fresh water , as chickens need water to stay healthy and produce eggs.

In summary, it is important to provide chickens with a balanced diet adapted to their nutritional needs, as well as sufficient clean and fresh water, to ensure their health and their production of quality eggs.

7) Chicken health

A- The most common diseases

Like all animals, chickens can be subject to different diseases. Here are some of the most common diseases in chickens:

• Paw mange : This disease is caused by a parasite that tunnels into the skin of a chicken's feet, causing irritation, itching and lesions. It is important to treat paw scabies quickly to prevent the spread of the disease.
• Newcastle disease : This viral illness can be very contagious and can cause symptoms such as loss of appetite, lethargy, cough and diarrhea. Chickens can be vaccinated against Newcastle disease.
• Coccidiosis : This disease is caused by a protozoan parasite that affects the chicken's intestine. Symptoms may include diarrhea, loss of appetite and lethargy. Chickens can be vaccinated against coccidiosis.
• Bird flu : This viral illness can be very contagious and can cause symptoms such as fever, cough, diarrhea and death. Humans can also be infected with bird flu.
• Mycoplasmosis : This respiratory illness is caused by bacteria and can cause symptoms such as coughing, sneezing and difficulty breathing. Hens can be treated with antibiotics for mycoplasmosis.

It is important to monitor the health of your hens regularly and take steps to prevent the spread of disease. This may include putting in place proper hygiene measures, quarantining new hens and vaccination. If you notice signs of illness in your chickens, contact an avian veterinarian for proper diagnosis and treatment.

B- Prevention methods

There are several prevention methods to avoid diseases in chickens. Here are some tips for keeping your chickens healthy:

• Make sure your chickens' environment is clean and dry. A dirty and humid habitat favors the spread of diseases.
• Clean the water bowl and feeder regularly. Damp or moldy food can also cause health problems in chickens.
• Be careful of overcrowding. Crowded living spaces can make it easier for disease to spread.
• Avoid contact with other birds, especially wild birds, as they can carry disease.
• Pay attention to the quality of the water that your hens drink. Water should be clean and fresh at all times.
• In the event of illness, immediately isolate the sick hen to prevent the spread of the disease to other hens.
• If you observe symptoms of illness in your chickens, promptly consult a poultry veterinarian for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

By following these various prevention measures, you will significantly reduce the risk of disease in your chickens, which will allow them to live in good health and produce quality eggs.

8) Chickens in agriculture

A- Control of pests in crops

Hens are useful animals in agriculture because of their ability to help control pests in crops. This is because hens have a natural foraging instinct and like to scratch and dig in the ground. They can thus help to reduce the populations of certain types of pests by eating their eggs, their larvae or their adults.

Hens can be especially useful in gardens , orchards, and fruit and vegetable crops. They are able to reduce populations of slugs, worms and other harmful insects that can damage plants. Chickens are also very effective at controlling weeds , scratching and uprooting unwanted plants while aerating the soil.

In addition to their role in pest control, chickens can also produce nutrient- rich droppings that can be used as fertilizer for crops and your vegetable garden. Chicken droppings contain high levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, making them an excellent natural fertilizer.

In conclusion, chickens can play an important role in agriculture by helping to control pests in crops. As well as producing nutrient-rich droppings to fertilize the soil . By including chickens in your farming system, you can benefit from healthier and more sustainable production.

B- Production of natural fertilizer

9) Conclusion

Chickens are farm animals commonly used in our diet. Their eggs and meat are important sources of protein and nutrients for many people around the world. But chickens are not only important for our diet , they also play a key role in our daily lives.

First of all, chickens are easy to raise and maintain, making them a popular choice for small farmers and homeowners. They don't require a lot of space and can be kept in pens, aviaries, or home gardens . Cages should be large enough in chicken coops. Chickens can also be raised to produce fresh eggs for home consumption, or for sale in local markets .

In addition to being a source of food , hens also have an important ecological role. They can help reduce food waste by eating food scraps, and their droppings can be used as a natural fertilizer for gardens and crops. Chickens can also be used to control pests in crops, reducing the need for pesticides and insecticides.

Hens also have an important role in the cultures and traditions of many countries. For example, hens are an important symbol of Chinese New Year , representing fortune and prosperity. In other cultures, chickens are associated with religious and spiritual practices, such as the belief that chickens can predict the future.

In short, chickens are important animals in our daily lives, providing an affordable and nutritious food source, as well as an environmentally friendly solution for food waste management. They also play an important cultural and spiritual role in many communities.